PHONETICS

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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | English Pronunciation

 

PHONETICS

Phonetics is defined as the study of the sounds of human speech using the mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs.

Analytical Areas of Phonetics

• Auditory Phonetics: The study of speech perception and how the brain forms perceptual representations of the input it receives during the course of communication.
• Articulatory Phonetics: The study of the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, vocal tract, and other speech organs.
• Acoustic Phonetics: The study of the properties of the sound waves and how they are perceived by the inner ear.

As you know, the English alphabet is far from being a regular and consistent system of representing all the sounds in English. For instance, think of the letter group ough. How many different way can it sound like:

Word	Rhymes with.. (in Standard American Dialect)
through	true
though	go
cough	off
thought	not
tough	stuff

əl, əm, ən can be pronounced either: əl or l ̩ etc.:
/ˈleɪb.əl/ = /ˈleɪb.əl/ or /ˈleɪb.l̩/
r	linking r is pronounced only before a vowel in British English: fɔːr + ˈæp.l ̩z = fɔːˈræp.l ̩z four + apples = four apples
ˈ	main stress	/ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃən/ expectation
ˌ	secondary stress	/ˌriːˈtell/ retell
.	syllable division	/ˈsɪs.təm/ system

Consonants

Voiced b book d day ɡ give v very ð the z zoo ʒ vision dʒ jump l look r run j yes w we m moon n name ŋ sing

Voiceless p pen t town k cat f fish θ think s say ʃ she tʃ cheese

Some important points:

• V+ denoted "voiced", and V- is "voiceless". Voiceless and voiced simply mean that whether the vocal cords vibrate while making a sound. If you put your hand on your throat and alternate between saying "cod" and "god", you'll notice that "god" makes your vocal cord (or larynx) vibrates more. This is called voiced.
• [p], [t], and [k] are unaspirated. For people who know Spanish well, they correspond to the sounds in 'pelo', 'té', and 'cosa'. Such sounds do not occur alone in English, but mostly after the consonant [s], such as in 'space'. Compare 'space' and 'pace', and you'll notice how the /p/ in 'pace' is stronger.
• As just mentioned, the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/ in English occuring at the beginning of the word is aspirated, meaning that more air is pushed out. In Linguistics they are transcribed as [p^h], [t^h], and [k^h]. You may think that is impossible to have aspirated /b/, /t/, and /g/, but Proto-Indo-European and Indic languages have them (like in the name of the great Indian epic Mahabharata).
• The columns on the chart refer to points of articulation, that is, places in your mouth where sounds are produced. Bilabial means both of your lips come together, and the sound comes out there (you can feel the vibration between your lips if you try). Labio-dental between your upper lip touches your lower teeth. Inter-dental sounds are relatively rare in the world, and what you do is put your tongue between your two rows of teeth.
• Apico-alveolar means putting the tip of your blade right behind your upper row of teeth. Apico-palatal sounds are also called Retroflex. They are pronounced like the Apico-aveolar except with your tongue curled back a little. The most common example for an American English speaker is the 'r' in "road". Retroflex /d/ and /t/ occur in Indian languages (both Indo-European and Dravidian).
• Lamino-palatals are very much like apico-palatals but instead having the tip of your tongue as the highest point the blade, the part behind the tip, almost touches the roof of your mouth.
• Dorso-velar, or just velar, sounds are produced between the back of your tongue and the back of your palate. Its cousin, Uvular makes your uvula vibrates, like Parisian French /r/.
• Glottal simply means your larynx.
• The categories that form the bold rows refer to the type of articulation. Stops are sounds that are maintained for a very short amount of time. You can't stretch no matter how hard you try. On the other hand, Fricatives can persists for forever. Compare between /t/ and /s/.
• Sometimes you can merge stops and fricatives to get Affricates, which starts as a stop and turns into a fricative. The /ch/ in English "church" is just an example of an affricate. It starts as a /t/, and turns into a /sh/ sound.
• Nasals are, well, nasal. They make your sinus vibrates.
• I have no idea why Liquids are called liquids. The voiced apico-palatal liquid /r/ occurs in American English "red" and the voiced apico-alveolar liquid /l/ is like in English "lock", not "table".
• The flap is the Spanish short /r/, ie in "toro". Also occurs in Italian, Japanese, and American English in the form of the /dd/ in "ladder" or /tt/ in "butter" said rapidly.
• Semi-vowels are really vowels that appear as the less-powerful part of a diphthong. In other words, they are non-syllabic vowels.

Vowels: 

Long Vowels iː sheep ɑː farm uː coo ɔː horse ɜː bird

Short Vowels ɪ ship e head æ hat ə above ʊ foot ɚ mother (US) ɒ sock (UK) ɝ worm (US) ʌ cup

Even though they look like English, don't be tempted to pronounce the symbols as if they were English letters. For instance, the symbol [i] really sounds like the 'ee' in "reed". The symbol [e] doesn't sound like the 'e' in 'be', but more like French 'être'.

When you say a vowel, you unconsciously change your tongue and lip into an unique configuration characterized by three attributes:

• Unrounded vs rounded. This feature applies to your lip. If you say [u] as like "room", you'll notice that your lips forming a circle and you look like you're about to kiss someone. On the other hand, if you say [i] as in "feet" your lips are straight. That's why before you take a picture in America you will tell the people you're about to capture on film to say "cheese", because [i] makes the lips look like smiling.
• High to low. You probably never noticed this, but when you say a vowel part of your tongue will raise toward the roof of your mouth while other parts will stay near the bottom. The height of your tongue's peak determines the vowel you say. The sound [i] like in "feet" forces your tongue higher up than, say, the sound [a] as in "father".
• Front, central, and back. This same peak that I just described above can also change in position in your mouth. When the peak is closest to your teeth, it is in front. Toward the throat is back. Between the two is, obviously, central. With [i], the peak of the tongue is a little bit behind your teeth, while with [u] the peak of the tongue is at the back of your mouth, near where the hard palate changes to the soft palate. If you can't picture it, try feeling around with your finger.
• Vowels can be long or short. A long vowel is denoted by a colon (:) after the vowel. The best example in English of long vs short can be found in cases like "sad" (long) and "sat" (short). Notice how the 'a' (phonetically [æ]) sounds longer in "sad" than in "sat". So, "sad" is transcribed as [sæ:d] while "sat" is [sæt].

 

Diphthongs

eɪ	day
aɪ	eye
ɔɪ	boy
aʊ	mouth
əʊ	nose (UK)
oʊ	nose (US)
ɪə	ear (UK)
eə	hair (UK)
ʊə	pure (UK)

Other symbols

h	/ˈhænd/ hand
ɒ̃	/ˈkwæs.ɒ̃/ croissant (UK)
i	/ˈhæp.i/ happy
t ̬	/ˈbʌt ̬.ɚ/ butter (US)
u	/ˌɪn.fluˈen.zə/ influenza
Lihat juga informasi tentang phonetics di SINI SOURCE: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/help/phonetics.html http://www.ancientscripts.com/phonetics.html http://www.yourdictionary.com/phonetics